What Is a Grant Writer?

They help schools, hospitals, nonprofits, and others to secure financial support for specific projects or initiatives. Grant writers often do research to identify opportunities and find the best places to send their requests. They also make sure everything in the proposal is correct and easy to understand. This job is important because it helps people bring good ideas to life. Without grant writers, many helpful programs might not get the money they need to grow.

Understanding the Role of a Grant Writer

A grant writer plays an important part in helping people and groups get money for their work. Their main job is to write proposals that clearly explain a project and why it needs support. The grant writer shares the goals of the project, how the money will be used, and why it matters. Grant writers do research to find the right funding opportunities. They work closely with the people who need help to gather the right information. Their writing must be clear and convincing so funders will want to give money. Their role helps turn ideas into real change that helps others. Below are some key tips that give an understanding of the role of a grant writer;

Definition of a Grant Writer

A grant writer is someone who writes requests to get money for projects or programs. These requests are called grant proposals or funding proposals. People, groups or foundations who need help ask grant writers to write these proposals. The goal is to explain clearly why the money is needed and how it will be used. 

A grant writer must be good at writing and following instructions from the funders. They also help collect information to include in the proposal. The job needs careful thinking, good research, and strong writing skills. A grant writer is not just a writer, they also help people reach their goals. Their work can bring money to support education, health, or community programs. Put in simple terms, a grant writer helps make good ideas possible by asking for funding in the right way.

Brief History of Grant Writing

Grant writing began many years ago when groups needed money to support their work. In the past, governments and rich families gave money to schools, hospitals, and charities. This was before the 1900s although these groups had to explain why they needed help.  In the early 1900s however,The large foundations started asking for written requests, which we now call grant proposals. Over time, the process became more organized, and rules were made to guide how proposals should be written. 

In the 20th century, more nonprofits and public programs started using grant writers to get support. As more people asked for funding, the need for clear and strong writing became more important. Today, grant writing is a full-time job for many people. It helps important work get done by bringing in money from funders. This shows that grant writing has grown into a key part of helping people and communities.

Grant Writing in Modern Funding

Today, grant writing is one of the most important ways for groups to get money for their projects. Many schools, hospitals, and nonprofits now depend on grants to do their work. Funders like the government, private companies, and charities ask for clear, well written proposals. This means grant writers must be good at sharing ideas in a simple and strong way. They also need to follow rules and deadlines carefully. 

With many people asking for funding, the competition is high. That is why writing a proposal that stands out is very important. In modern funding, online systems are used to send proposals, making the process faster and more organized. Grant writers also use research tools to find the best places to apply. This shows that grant writing is now a key part of how important work gets done around the world.

What Does a Grant Writer Do?

A grant writer helps people and organizations get money for their projects by writing strong and clear proposals. They work with schools, nonprofits, businesses, and even local governments. Their job is to explain why a project is important and how the money will be used. 

A grant writer also follows the funder’s rules and makes sure all parts of the application are complete. They may help with research, planning, and budgets too. Grant writers need to be good at writing, thinking clearly, and meeting deadlines. They also talk with clients to understand the project well. Their work helps increase the chances of getting funding. Below are the main functions of a grant writer in details;

Researching Funding Opportunities

Researching funding opportunities is one of the first jobs a grant writer does. It means looking for places that give money to support good projects. These places can be government offices, companies, or charities. A grant writer uses websites, books, and databases to find these funding programs. They read the funder’s rules to see if the project is a good fit. 

Some funders only give money to certain causes like education, health, or the environment. That is why the grant writer must be careful when choosing where to apply. Finding the right funder helps save time and improves the chance of getting money. Good research also helps the grant writer write a better proposal. Without this step, the whole grant process may not work well.

Writing and Submitting Proposals

Once the right funding opportunity is found, the grant writer begins writing the proposal. This paper explains what the project is, who it helps, and how the money will be used. It must be clear, honest, and follow the funder’s rules. A strong proposal also shows how the group will measure success. After writing, the grant writer checks everything for mistakes and makes changes if needed. 

The final proposal is then sent through mail or an online system. Meeting the deadline is very important. A late proposal may be rejected even if the idea is good. Writing and submitting proposals is the most important part of a grant writer’s job.

Following Up with Funders

Following up with funders is an important part of a grant writer’s job. After sending a proposal, the grant writer waits for a response. Sometimes the funder needs more details or asks questions. The grant writer must reply clearly and on time. If the grant is approved, the funder will want updates on how the money is being used. 

The grant writer may need to send progress reports or final results. If the proposal is not approved, the grant writer can ask for feedback to do better next time. Being polite and professional helps build a good relationship with the funder. This can lead to more chances for funding in the future. Following up shows that the group is serious and responsible with the help they receive.

Why Are Grant Writers Important for Nonprofits and Businesses?

Grant writers play a big role in helping nonprofits and businesses grow and reach their goals. Many of these groups need extra money to run programs, support communities, or start new projects. A grant writer helps them find the right funders and write strong proposals to ask for that money. Without a grant writer, it can be hard for an organization to get the support it needs. Their work helps bring in funds, save time, and improve the quality of proposals. This makes grant writers an important part of any team that wants to succeed and make a difference. Let us look at their importances in detail;

1.Helping Organizations Get Funds

Grant writers help nonprofits and businesses get the money they need to run their programs. Many groups have good ideas but do not know how to ask for help. A grant writer knows where to find money and how to write a strong request. Without grant writers, some organizations may miss chances to grow or help more people. 

These writers help turn good plans into real projects by writing proposals that funders understand. Their work brings in support that can pay for supplies, staff, or new services. Grant writers help open doors that might otherwise stay closed. This makes their role very valuable to any team.

2.Improving Proposal Quality

A grant writer knows how to write in a clear and organized way. They understand what funders want to see in a proposal. This helps make the proposal stronger and easier to read. A good proposal can help the funder feel confident in giving money. 

Grant writers also check for mistakes and make sure the writing follows all the rules. This improves the chances of the proposal being accepted. Many organizations have good ideas but struggle to explain them well. A grant writer makes the message clear and professional. Better proposals mean better chances of getting funded.

3.Saving Time for the Organization

Writing grant proposals takes time and effort. It also requires paying attention to small details and deadlines. When a grant writer handles this job, the rest of the team can focus on their main work. This saves time for managers, teachers, health workers, and others in the group. The grant writer takes care of the writing, research, and follow-ups. This helps the organization work better and stay on schedule. Saving time also means fewer mistakes and missed deadlines. A grant writer brings peace of mind and helps the whole team do their best work.

Types of Grants a Grant Writer Can Help With

There are many types of grants, and a grant writer can help with all of them. Some grants are given by the government. Other grants come from private companies, nonprofits, or foundations. Each type of grant has its own rules and steps.

A grant writer knows how to find the right grant for a business, school, or charity. They help fill out the forms and write clear answers to the questions. They also make sure everything is sent on time.

Grant writers know which grants give money for research, education, health, community projects, or small businesses. By helping with different types of grants, they make it easier for people and groups to get the money they need. This helps build trust with search engines because the topic is explained simply and fully. In details,these grants include;

Government Grants

Government grants are funds given by local, state, or national governments to support projects that help the public. These grants do not need to be paid back. Many schools, nonprofits, health centers, and small businesses apply for government grants. The money can be used for things like education, health programs, research, or building projects. 

Government grants often have clear rules and deadlines that must be followed. A grant writer helps make sure the application is complete and matches what the government is asking for. These grants can be large and very helpful, but they are also very competitive. Getting one shows that the project is strong and well organized. Many people count on government grants to start or grow important programs in their communities.

Private Foundation Grants

Private foundation grants are money given by private groups to support projects, programs, or people. These foundations are usually started by families, individuals, or companies. They use their own money to help causes they care about, like education, health, or the environment. Many nonprofits and small businesses apply for these grants to get help with funding. 

Some private foundations have open applications, while others give money only to groups they already know. These grants often have clear rules on how the money should be used. A grant writer can help find foundations that match your goals. They also help with writing strong applications that follow the foundation’s rules. Private foundation grants can be very helpful because they often give large amounts of money. Winning one can also help you gain trust from other funders.

Corporate Grants and CSR Programs

Corporate grants and CSR programs are ways companies give money or help to people, groups, or projects that do good things. CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. It means a company wants to give back to the community and be a good neighbor. Many big companies offer grants to support education, health, the environment, or small businesses. 

These grants often come from a company’s charity department or special giving program. To get this money, people or groups usually need to apply and explain how their work helps others. A grant writer can help make sure the message is clear and fits what the company is looking for. These programs are important because they help build trust between companies and the public. They also help solve problems in local areas. Corporate grants can open the door to more partnerships and future support.

Research and Academic Grants

Research and academic grants are money given to students, teachers, or schools to support learning and discovery. These grants help pay for studies, science projects, or new ideas in schools and universities. Many governments, private groups, and colleges offer these grants. The goal is to support people who want to solve problems or learn something new. 

These grants often pay for things like lab tools, travel, or time to work on a project. To get the grant, you usually need to share your idea and show how it will help others. A grant writer can help explain your project in a clear and simple way. These grants are important because they help grow knowledge and make education better. People who get them can also build their careers and help their communities.

Nonprofit Grants

Nonprofit grants are money given to groups that help people or solve problems in the community. These groups do not make money for themselves, they work to make the world better. Grants help nonprofits run programs like feeding the hungry, teaching kids, or saving the environment. The money usually comes from the government, private foundations, or big companies. 

Nonprofits often have to apply by showing what they plan to do and how it will help others. A grant writer helps explain these plans in a way that funders understand. These grants can pay for staff, supplies, or events. Getting a grant helps a nonprofit do more good work. It can also help build trust with the people they serve and those who give money.

Skills Every Successful Grant Writer Needs

A successful grant writer must know how to explain ideas in a clear and simple way. They need to understand what funders want and follow all the instructions carefully. Good writing is very important because the proposal must be easy to read and convincing. A grant writer should also be good at research so they can find the right grants and gather helpful information. 

Being organized helps them manage deadlines and keep track of each step. They must also pay attention to small details, like numbers and forms. Talking and listening well are also key, especially when working with teams or clients. These skills help the grant writer do a great job and increase the chances of getting funding. Below are the main skills that a grant writer needs;

Writing and Communication

Writing and communication are very important skills for a grant writer. A grant writer must know how to share ideas clearly so that funders understand the purpose of the project. The writing should be simple, clear, and straight to the point. Good writing helps the funder see why the project matters and how the money will be used. Communication also includes talking and listening well.

A grant writer needs to ask the right questions and understand what the client wants. They should also explain the grant process in a way that is easy to follow. Strong communication builds trust between the grant writer and the people they work with. It also helps avoid mistakes and confusion. When writing and communication are done well, the chances of getting the grant are much higher.

Research and Analytical Thinking

Research and analytical thinking help a grant writer find the right grants and understand what the funder wants. Research means looking for facts, rules, and helpful information about different grants. A good grant writer knows how to search online and read carefully to learn about each grant. 

Analytical thinking means being able to study this information and make smart choices. It helps the writer see if a grant is a good match for the project. This skill also helps in planning the budget and answering questions clearly. When a grant writer thinks carefully, they can explain why the project makes sense and how it will succeed. These skills also help solve problems and avoid mistakes. Together, research and thinking help make the grant stronger and easier to understand. This can increase the chances of getting approved.

Project Management and Deadlines

Project management and deadlines are very important for a grant writer. Project management means planning each step of the grant process and staying organized. A grant writer must keep track of what needs to be done, who is involved, and what information is missing. Deadlines are the dates when things must be finished and sent in. If a deadline is missed, the grant will not be accepted. 

A good grant writer creates a plan and follows it carefully to avoid delays. They also remind others to send needed papers on time. Staying organized helps the writer work faster and with less stress. Meeting deadlines shows funders that the writer is serious and professional. This builds trust and improves the chances of getting the grant.

Understanding of Funders’ Goals

Understanding funders’ goals means knowing what the funder cares about and what they want to support. Every funder has a reason for giving money, like helping the environment, supporting education, or fighting hunger. A grant writer needs to read the funder’s website, rules, and past projects to learn what matters most to them. This helps the writer match the project to the funder’s goals. When the project fits well, the chances of getting money are much higher.

A good grant writer always checks if the project makes sense for that funder. They also explain how the project will help reach the funder’s mission. This shows respect and understanding. Funders want to give money to people who share the same goals. Knowing what the funder wants builds trust and improves success.

How Grant Writers Improve Funding Success Rates

Grant writers help people and groups get more money by writing better grant applications. They know how to explain ideas clearly so funders understand the project. They also follow the rules of each grant and make sure nothing important is missing. A well written grant shows the funder that the project is organized and ready to succeed. This makes it more likely to get the money. That is why having a grant writer can really improve the chances of being funded. To get a better understanding on how to improve funding success rates, let us look at this key tips;

Customizing Proposals for Specific Grants

Customizing proposals for specific grants means changing the proposal to match what each funder wants. Every grant is different, and each one has its own rules, goals, and questions. A good grant writer reads the instructions carefully and writes the proposal to fit that one grant. This includes using the funder’s language, focusing on their goals, and following the format they ask for. 

The proposal should also clearly show how the project helps solve a problem the funder cares about. By doing this, the proposal feels more personal and connected to the funder’s mission. It shows that the writer took time to understand what the funder is looking for. This helps the proposal stand out from others. When proposals are made to fit each grant, they are more likely to be accepted. This is one way grant writers help increase success.

Meeting Evaluation Criteria Precisely

Meeting evaluation criteria precisely means following all the rules and points that funders use to judge a grant proposal. Funders often give a list of what they are looking for, such as the problem, solution, goals, and budget. A grant writer needs to make sure every part of the proposal answers those points clearly. If something is missing or unclear, the proposal may be rejected. That is why it is important to read the instructions carefully and follow them step by step.

A good grant writer checks each section to make sure it fits what the funder wants. They also use the same words the funder uses, which helps with understanding. This shows the funder that the writer paid attention to their needs. When all the rules are followed, the proposal has a better chance of being approved. It shows the project is serious, prepared, and ready to succeed.

Reviewing and Editing Proposals

Reviewing and editing proposals means checking the grant application carefully before sending it. A good grant writer reads the proposal to make sure all parts are clear and complete. They fix grammar mistakes, unclear words, or missing information. This helps the proposal look professional and easy to understand. 

Editing also helps the writer see if the message matches what the funder wants. Sometimes, small changes can make a big difference in how the proposal sounds. A fresh look can also catch mistakes that were missed before. A well edited proposal shows the funder that the project is serious and well planned. Taking time to review everything can improve the chances of getting approved. This is an important final step in the grant writing process.

Who Hires Grant Writers?

Many different people and groups hire grant writers to help them get money for their projects. Nonprofit organizations often hire them to apply for grants that support their programs. Schools and colleges may also need grant writers to get money for books, supplies, or new programs. Hospitals and health clinics use grant writers to find funds for medical tools or community health work. Small businesses sometimes hire grant writers to apply for government grants that help them grow. 

Cities and towns may also hire them to bring money into the community. Even individuals, like artists or researchers, can hire a grant writer for personal projects. These people trust grant writers to explain their goals in a strong and clear way. Hiring a grant writer saves time and can improve the chances of getting the grant. That is why many people across different fields choose to work with them. Below is an in depth illustration of some of the organizations that hire grant writer; 

Nonprofit Organizations

Nonprofit organizations are groups that work to help people, animals, or the planet. They do not exist to make money for owners or shareholders. Instead, they use their money to support good causes like feeding the hungry, teaching children, or protecting nature. These groups often rely on grants, donations, and volunteers to do their work. Nonprofits must follow rules that make sure their money is used the right way. Many of them write grant proposals to ask for money to keep their programs running. 

A grant writer can help explain what the nonprofit does and why it needs support. Funders are more likely to help when they see that the nonprofit has a clear mission and strong plan. Nonprofit organizations play an important role in solving problems and making life better for others. They bring hope and help to many people around the world. For a winning grant proposal, they may hire a nonprofit grant proposal writer. 

Educational Institutions

Schools, colleges, and universities often hire grant writers to get money for programs, books, or buildings. They may need grants to help students, start new classes, or buy new tools for learning. A grant writer helps the school explain why the money is needed and how it will help students. Many times, these schools do not have enough money on their own, so grants are very important. 

The writer also helps make sure all the forms and questions are answered correctly. When the proposal is clear and strong, the school has a better chance to get the grant. This support helps students learn better and teachers do their job well. Educational institutions need grant writers to grow and meet the needs of their students.

Small Businesses and Startups

Small businesses and new startups sometimes need money to get started or to grow. These businesses often apply for government or private grants to buy equipment, hire workers, or start new projects. Grant writers help these businesses write clear proposals that explain their goals and plans. 

Many small business owners are busy and may not know how to apply for grants on their own. A grant writer saves them time and helps avoid mistakes. With a strong proposal, a small business can get the funds it needs to succeed. This support helps them grow faster and create more jobs. That’s why many business owners choose to work with grant writers.

Government Agencies and Municipalities

Government offices and local towns also hire grant writers to get money for public services. These grants can help fix roads, build parks, or support health programs. A grant writer helps the agency explain the needs of the community and how the money will be used. They also make sure the proposal follows all the rules. 

Many government grants are big and have many steps, so it helps to have someone who understands the process. Grant writers help these offices meet deadlines and stay organized. With their help, cities and towns can get more support for their projects. This leads to better services and stronger communities.

How to Become a Grant Writer

To become a grant writer, you need to learn how to write clearly and explain ideas in a simple way. Many people start by studying English, writing, or communication in school. It also helps to learn about nonprofits, business, or government work. 

Some people start by helping small groups or working as volunteers to get experience. With practice, you learn how to follow rules, meet deadlines, and find the right grants. A strong writer also knows how to do research and stay organized. Over time, you can become good at helping others get money for their projects. Grant writing is a useful skill that helps both people and communities grow. These tips are discussed in details below:

Educational Pathways

Most grant writers begin by studying writing, English, communication, or nonprofit studies in school. These subjects teach how to write clearly and understand what people or funders need. Some people also study public service, business, or health if they want to work in those fields. A college degree can help, but it is not always required. What matters most is knowing how to write well and follow instructions. 

People who enjoy reading, writing, and solving problems often do well in this field. Many grant writers also keep learning through workshops and courses. This helps them stay up to date with new rules and trends. Education gives you a strong base to grow as a grant writer.

Gaining Experience Through Internships or Volunteering

One of the best ways to learn grant writing is through internships or volunteering. Many nonprofits and small groups need help with writing proposals. When you volunteer, you can learn how the process works in real life. You may help with research, writing, or editing proposals. This gives you hands-on experience and builds your confidence. You also get to meet people who work in the field and can give you advice. 

Internships are also a great way to learn from experts and see how grant writing fits into bigger projects. This kind of practice is very helpful, even if it is unpaid at first. The more experience you get, the more skilled you become.

Earning Certifications in Grant Writing

Some people choose to earn a certificate in grant writing to learn more and stand out. These programs teach how to find grants, write proposals, and follow rules. You can take these courses online or in person. They are often short and focus on the skills you need most. 

A certificate can show that you are serious about grant writing and know the basics. It can also help you get a job or freelance work. While it is not always required, having a certificate can make you more confident and ready. It shows funders and clients that you have learned the key steps. For many new grant writers, certification is a helpful step forward.

Grant Writer vs. Grant Consultant: What’s the Difference?

A grant writer and a grant consultant both help people get money through grants, but they do different things. A grant writer focuses on writing the proposal. They explain the project, write about the goals, and follow the funder’s rules. They make sure everything is clear, correct, and easy to understand. 

A grant consultant, on the other hand, helps with the bigger picture. They may help choose the right grants, plan the project, and give advice on how to manage the funds. Some consultants also train teams or check past proposals to improve them. While a grant writer works more with the writing, a consultant gives support and ideas before and after the writing is done. Both roles are important, and sometimes one person does both jobs. Knowing the difference can help you decide what kind of help you need. Below is an illustration of some of these differences;

Differences in Roles and Scope

The role of a grant writer is to write and prepare the proposal. They focus on making the writing clear, complete, and ready to submit. Their job is usually based on one project or one grant at a time. A grant consultant, on the other hand, helps with more than just writing. They may guide the group in setting goals, finding the right funders, and building a long-term grant plan. 

Consultants can also review past grant work and help improve it. Writers focus on doing the writing, while consultants offer advice and planning. Writers often follow instructions, but consultants help shape the plan. This difference makes each role useful in a different way.

When to Hire Each Professional

You should hire a grant writer when you already know which grant you want and need help writing the proposal. They are best when you need someone to focus only on the writing and formatting. Hire a grant consultant when you are not sure which grants to apply for or need help planning your strategy. 

A consultant can guide you through the whole process from start to finish. If you are new to grants or want long-term help, a consultant is a better choice. If you already have a plan and just need writing support, a grant writer is enough. Some people start with a consultant and then bring in a writer later. It depends on your needs and goals.

Cost and Engagement Models

The cost of hiring a grant writer is usually based on the project. Some charge a flat fee, while others charge per hour or per page. A grant consultant may charge more because their work takes more time and covers more areas. Consultants may also work on a monthly plan or offer full project support for a larger fee.

Writers are often hired for short jobs, but consultants may stay on for months. Both types of professionals should give clear prices before starting. The choice depends on your budget and how much help you need. A small project may only need a writer, while a big or ongoing program may need a consultant. Always ask about the cost and what is included in the service.

Common Myths About Grant Writers

Many people believe things about grant writers that are not true. These myths can lead to mistakes when trying to get funding. Some people think that anyone can write a grant, but writing a strong grant takes skill, research, and clear thinking. Another myth is that grant writers only help nonprofits. In fact, they also work with schools, small businesses, health groups, and even city offices. A common false belief is that grant writers can guarantee funding. This is not true because the final decision is always made by the funder. 

A grant writer can improve your chances, but they cannot promise success. Believing these myths can cause people to miss out on real help. It is important to understand what grant writers really do so you can work with them in the right way. Knowing the truth helps you plan better and make smart choices.

How Much Do Grant Writers Earn?

Grant writers can earn different amounts based on how they work, where they live, and their level of experience. Some work full-time and get a steady salary, while others work as freelancers and get paid per project or per hour. People who are new to grant writing may earn less, but income usually grows with practice and success. The more skilled and experienced a writer is, the more they can charge. Grant writing can turn into a well paying and long term career for many people. Below are key points that explain how grant writers get paid and how their income can grow over time:

• Freelance Rates vs. Salaried Positions
• Freelancers charge per hour, per page, or per project.
• Salaried writers earn a steady paycheck from one employer.
• Freelancers may earn more, but income can change each month.
• Salaried positions offer job security and regular work hours.
  

• Factors Affecting Income
• Experience and skill level
• Type of clients (nonprofits, schools, businesses, etc.)
• Location and local pay rates
• Size and difficulty of the grant projects
• Career Growth and Earning Potential
• Writers can start small and grow their income over time
• Some become consultants or start their own business
• Ongoing learning and results can lead to higher pay
• Demand is strong in health, education, and nonprofit fields

How to Hire a Professional Grant Writer

Hiring a grant writer means finding someone who can help you get funding by writing strong proposals. It is important to choose someone who understands your goals and has experience with the type of grant you need. A good grant writer should be able to explain your project clearly and follow the funder’s rules. They should also meet deadlines and stay organized. 

Before hiring, it helps to look at their past work or ask for samples. You want someone who listens, asks good questions, and can work well with your team. A professional grant writer can save you time and improve your chances of success. Take time to find the right person for your project. The right writer can make a big difference in getting the funding you need. Here are the key tips to consider;

What to Look for in a Grant Writer

When hiring a grant writer, look for someone who has strong writing skills and a good track record. They should be clear, organized, and able to explain ideas in a simple way. Check if they have experience with similar projects or funders. 

A good grant writer should also pay attention to small details and follow instructions carefully. They should know how to research, build a strong budget, and match your project to the funder’s goals. Ask for samples of their past work to see the quality. Also, check if they are easy to work with and respond on time. The best grant writers are honest, helpful, and focused on results.

Questions to Ask During Hiring

When you talk to a grant writer, ask questions to learn more about their skills. You can ask, “Have you worked on similar projects before?” or “What types of grants have you written?” Ask how they plan to handle deadlines and what they need from you to get started. 

You can also ask, “Can I see samples of your work?” or “What is your success rate with grants?” Good writers will be happy to answer your questions. Ask about their prices and how they charge per hour, project, or page. Make sure you feel comfortable talking with them. Clear answers show that they know what they are doing.

Where to Find Grant Writers

There are many places to find grant writers. You can search online job sites. Many writers also list their services on LinkedIn or business websites. You can ask for referrals from other nonprofits, schools, or businesses that have used grant writers before. 

Some professional groups and grant writing networks also list writers you can hire. Always check reviews or ask for references before you decide. You want someone with a good record and happy past clients. Take time to look around and compare your options. The right grant writer is out there, you just need to know where to look.